Microsoft Windows Server 2016 Standard / Datacenter RDS 50 User CALs

Microsoft Windows Server 2016 Standard / Datacenter RDS 50 User CALs

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About Windows Server 2016:

Microsoft Windows Server 2016, released in September 2016, is a server operating system developed by Microsoft as part of its Windows NT family. It serves as the successor to Windows Server 2012 R2 and comes in several editions tailored to meet various enterprise needs. Here’s a breakdown of its features, editions, licensing, and other key details:

1. Editions

Windows Server 2016 is available in several editions, each designed for specific use cases:

• Datacenter Edition: Ideal for highly virtualized data centers and cloud environments. This edition includes features for high-scale virtualization, software-defined storage, and networking.
• Standard Edition: Suited for physical or minimally virtualized environments. Standard offers most of the same features as Datacenter, but with limited virtualization rights.
• Essentials Edition: Aimed at small businesses with up to 25 users and 50 devices. This edition includes features for small businesses without requiring client access licenses (CALs).
• Hyper-V Server 2016: A standalone version of Hyper-V for virtualized environments without a Windows Server license.

2. Key Features

• Nano Server: A lightweight, minimal footprint deployment option for cloud and microservices scenarios, designed for rapid deployment and reduced maintenance.
• Windows Containers: Support for Docker-compatible containers, allowing for app isolation and deployment consistency.
• Hyper-V Enhancements: Includes nested virtualization (enabling Hyper-V within a VM), improved security, and virtual machine load balancing.
• Software-Defined Networking (SDN): Enhanced network control with features like Network Controller, Virtual Network Peering, and software-based load balancing.
• Storage Spaces Direct (S2D): Enables highly available storage clusters using local storage, without the need for shared storage. Supports advanced configurations for high-performance storage systems.
• Storage Replica: Provides synchronous replication between servers for disaster recovery.
• Active Directory Federation Services (ADFS): Enhancements in ADFS allow support for third-party MFA providers and improved user sign-in experience.
• Shielded Virtual Machines: Provides encryption for VMs to protect against unauthorized access and tampering.
• Failover Clustering Improvements: Cluster OS Rolling Upgrade allows for in-place upgrades with minimal downtime.

3. Licensing Model

Windows Server 2016 uses a per-core licensing model, unlike previous editions which used a per-processor model:

• Core-Based Licensing: Each processor core requires a license, with a minimum of 8 cores per processor and 16 cores per server.
• Client Access Licenses (CALs): Standard and Datacenter editions require CALs for each user or device accessing the server.

4. Security Features

Windows Server 2016 includes several key security advancements:

• Just Enough Administration (JEA): Limits administrative privileges by only allowing the minimum required actions.
• Credential Guard and Remote Credential Guard: Uses virtualization-based security to isolate and protect secrets (such as credentials) from malware.
• Device Guard: Helps ensure that only trusted applications run on the server.
• Enhanced Threat Detection: Integrates with Windows Defender Advanced Threat Protection for early detection of cyber threats.

5. Enhanced Management and Automation

• PowerShell 5.1: Windows Server 2016 comes with PowerShell 5.1, enabling scripting and automation for server management.
• Server Management Tools: Windows Admin Center (formerly Project Honolulu) provides a web-based management solution for Windows Server 2016 and later, allowing remote server management.

6. Nano Server and Containers

Nano Server was introduced as a headless deployment option designed for cloud-native applications, microservices, and containers. It is significantly lighter than traditional installations, offering:

• Reduced Footprint: Fewer updates and reboots, reducing downtime and attack surface.
• Efficient Resource Utilization: Ideal for building modern applications with reduced system requirements.

Windows Server 2016 also supports Docker-based containers, enabling users to deploy applications within isolated environments.

7. System Requirements

• Processor: 1.4 GHz 64-bit processor compatible with x64 instruction set, supporting NX and DEP.
• Memory: Minimum 512 MB (2 GB for Server with Desktop Experience).
• Disk Space: 32 GB minimum.
• Network: Ethernet adapter capable of at least gigabit throughput.

8. Windows Server 2016 End of Support

The mainstream support for Windows Server 2016 ended on January 11, 2022, while extended support continues until January 12, 2027.

More on Features

Windows Server 2016 has a variety of new features, including

• Active Directory Federation Services: It is possible to configure AD FS to authenticate users stored in non-AD directories, such as X.500 compliant Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) directories and SQL databases.
• Windows Defender: Windows Server Antimalware is installed and enabled by default without the GUI, which is an installable Windows feature.
• Remote Desktop Services: Support for OpenGL 4.4 and OpenCL 1.1, performance and stability improvements; MultiPoint Services role (see Windows MultiPoint Server)
• Storage Services: Central Storage QoS Policies; Storage Replicas (storage-agnostic, block-level, volume-based, synchronous and asynchronous replication using SMB3 between servers for disaster recovery). Storage Replica replicates blocks instead of files; files can be in use. It's not multi-master, not one-to-many and not transitive. It periodically replicates snapshots, and the replication direction can be changed.
• Failover Clustering: Cluster operating system rolling upgrade, Storage Replicas
• Web Application Proxy: Preauthentication for HTTP Basic application publishing, wildcard domain publishing of applications, HTTP to HTTPS redirection, Propagation of client IP address to backend applications
• IIS 10: Support for HTTP/2
• Windows PowerShell 5.1
• Windows Server Containers 

Networking features

• DHCP: As Network Access Protection was deprecated in Windows Server 2012 R2, in Windows Server 2016 the DHCP role no longer supports NAP
• DNS:
  • DNS client: Service binding – enhanced support for computers with more than one network interface
  • DNS Server: DNS policies, new DDS record types (TLSA, SPF, and unknown records), new PowerShell cmdlets and parameters
• Windows Server Gateway now supports Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) tunnels
• IP address management (IPAM): Support for /31, /32, and /128 subnets; discovery of file-based, domain-joined DNS servers; new DNS functions; better integration of DNS, DHCP, and IP Address (DDI) Management
• Network Controller: A new server role to configure, manage, monitor, and troubleshoot virtual and physical network devices and services in the datacentre
• Hyper-V Network virtualization: Programmable Hyper-V switch (a new building block of Microsoft's software-defined networking solution); VXLAN encapsulation support; Microsoft Software Load Balancer interoperability; better IEEE Ethernet standard compliance.

Hyper-V

• Rolling Hyper-V cluster update: Unlike upgrading clusters from Windows 2008 R2 to 2012 level, Windows Server 2016 cluster nodes can be added to a Hyper-V Cluster with nodes running Windows Server 2012 R2. The cluster continues to function at a Windows Server 2012 R2 feature level until all of the nodes in the cluster have been upgraded and the cluster functional level has been upgraded.
• Storage quality of service (QoS) to centrally monitor end-to-end storage performance and create policies using Hyper-V and Scale-Out File Servers
• New, more efficient binary virtual machine configuration format (.VMCX extension for virtual machine configuration data and the .VMRS extension for runtime state data)
• Production checkpoints
• Hyper-V Manager: Alternate credentials support, down-level management, WS-Management protocol
• Integration services for Windows guests distributed through Windows Update
• Hot add and remove for network adapters (for generation 2 virtual machines) and memory (for generation 1 and generation 2 virtual machines)
• Linux secure boot
• Connected Standby compatibility
• Storage Resiliency feature of Hyper-V is formed for detecting transitory loss of connectivity to VM storage. VMs will be paused until connectivity is re-established.
• RDMA compatible Virtual Switch
  

Compare between windows server 2016 standard vs datacenter

When comparing Windows Server 2016 Standard and Datacenter editions, both share a foundational set of features, but they are designed to cater to different environments and scalability needs. Here’s a breakdown of how the two editions differ across various aspects:

1. Virtualization Rights

• Datacenter Edition: Supports unlimited virtual machines (VMs) and Hyper-V containers, making it ideal for highly virtualized or cloud environments.
• Standard Edition: Limited to two VMs and two Hyper-V containers per license. This makes it suitable for environments with minimal virtualization needs.

2. Storage Features

• Storage Spaces Direct (S2D):
  • Datacenter Edition: Fully supports Storage Spaces Direct, allowing for high availability and scalable storage using local storage on servers.
  • Standard Edition: Does not support Storage Spaces Direct.
• Storage Replica:
  • Datacenter Edition: Includes unlimited, multi-directional replication between clusters for disaster recovery.
  • Standard Edition: Limited to one partnership and one direction for replication.

3. Software-Defined Networking (SDN)

• Datacenter Edition: Fully supports SDN, including Network Controller, Virtual Network Peering, software load balancing, and more. This allows advanced networking features for scalable and complex network configurations.
• Standard Edition: Does not support SDN, which limits its networking capabilities in large-scale environments.

4. Shielded Virtual Machines

• Datacenter Edition: Supports shielded VMs, which provide encryption and other protections to secure virtual machines from unauthorized access.
• Standard Edition: Does not support shielded VMs, so it’s not as secure for sensitive or high-security workloads in virtualized environments.

5. Containers and Docker Support

• Both Editions: Support Windows Server containers and Hyper-V containers, which allow for application isolation and deployment. However, as noted, the Standard edition is limited to two Hyper-V containers.

6. Licensing Model

• Both Editions: Use core-based licensing, with a minimum requirement of 8 cores per processor and 16 cores per server.
• CALs (Client Access Licenses): Both require CALs for every user or device accessing the server.

7. Security Features

Both editions include advanced security features like:

• Just Enough Administration (JEA)
• Just-in-Time (JIT) Administration
• Windows Defender Advanced Threat Protection

However, only the Datacenter edition offers shielded VMs, which enhances the security of virtualized workloads.

8. Nano Server and Core Installation Options

• Both Editions: Offer the ability to deploy as Nano Server or Server Core, as well as the traditional Server with Desktop Experience. Nano Server, however, is a headless installation with a minimal footprint for cloud applications.

9. Pricing

• Datacenter Edition: More expensive due to its extensive virtualization, security, and storage capabilities, suited for large-scale and highly virtualized environments.
• Standard Edition: More affordable, designed for small to medium-sized businesses with limited virtualization needs.

10. Scalability and Target Use Cases

• Datacenter Edition: Ideal for data centers, cloud infrastructures, and environments needing extensive virtualization, high availability, and disaster recovery features.
• Standard Edition: Suitable for smaller environments or physical servers that don't require advanced storage or networking features.

Summary Table

In summary, Windows Server 2016 Datacenter edition is optimized for large-scale virtualized environments with extensive security and networking needs, while Standard edition is more suitable for smaller organizations with minimal virtualization and simpler network requirements.